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separate your code into three distinct steps： declaration； manipulation； and integration。 Figure 5…7
illustrates the three steps in sandboxing your code。
1。 Declaration： Each variable is
declared and assigned a default state
Function Separated（） As SeparateSteps that will not generate an exception
Dim cls As SeparateSteps = Nothing
cls = New SeparateSteps（） 2。 Manipulation： Each variable is manipulated
cls。PossibleExceptionMethod（）
using methods to create a state that does not
Return cls alter anything outside the method。 The variables
End Function may reference the global state； but not change it。
3。 Integration： Once the state has
been modified； an integration into the
bigger system can occur
Figure 5…7。 Sandboxing your code
Figure 5…7 illustrates one way of performing a sandboxing operation； but there are many
other possible implementations。 In each of the different implementations； the objective is the
same： you want to perform the operations that could cause an exception apart from the main
code。 Then if you do have an exception； it will be localized to the separate code。 When the stack
unwinds； the other code won’t be corrupted。
■Note The rule of thumb with sandboxing your code is to keep all of the code manipulations that could
generate an exception separate from any existing state that could be corrupted。 Once the manipulations have
been carried out； you integrate the objects into the global state using method calls that are extremely unlikely
to generate exceptions。 For those situations when you must manipulate existing state； use a Finally handler；
so that the previous existing state can be re…created if necessary。
Filtering Exceptions
In all of the examples presented so far in this chapter； the Catch statement used the Exception type：
Catch exception1 As Exception
Exception will catch every exception。
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In Figure 5…3； the IDE caught an exception； referencing NullReferenceException； which is
a specific type of exception。 When you use it in a Catch statement； you will catch only null refer
ence exceptions。
By specializing the exception； you have the ability to filter which exception you want to
catch。 For example； NotSupportedException will catch only instances of NotSupportedException
exceptions。 Here is an example：
Try
Throw New NotSupportedException（〃There is no code〃）
Catch ex As NotSupportedException
End Try
If the code within the Try block threw an instance of Exception； the Catch block would not
trigger； because the Catch block was looking for a specific exception type。
Exception types can be bined to provide specific filtering capabilities。 The specific
exception type should be the first exception after the Try block； as in this example：
Try
' 。 。 。
Catch ex1 As NotSupportedException
'
Catch ex2 As Exception
'
End Try
By bining multiple exception filters； you don’t need to figure out which kind of excep
tion is being thrown。 For example； without the filtering capabilities of a Catch block to catch
NotSupportedException exception types； you would need to write this code：
Try
Throw New NotSupportedException（〃There is no code〃）
Catch ex As Exception
If ex Is NotSupportedException Then
'。 。 。
Else
Throw ex
End If
End Try
Table 5…1 lists mon exception types in the System namespace that you can throw or
can be thrown。 There are many more exceptions； and you can even generate your own excep
tions by subclassing Exception。
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128 CH AP T E R 5 ■ L E A R N IN G AB OU T V I SU A L B AS IC E X C E P TI ON H AN D L IN G
Table 5…1。 mon Exception Types
Exception Description
Exception Plain…vanilla exception； a general container for all exceptions。
When you get one of these exceptions； look at the Message
property for the exact details。 If you throw this type of excep
tion； it is important to supply an easy…to…understand string to
the exception constructor。
ArgumentException Thrown if you call a method and one of the arguments is not
valid。 Typically； in the Message property you can find the
problem with the arguments。 If this exception is thrown； it is
because the contents of the argument are wrong。
ArgumentNullException Thrown if you call a method where one of the arguments is
a Nothing value。 This could be because you are passing the
Nothing value to the method or one of the arguments has a
Nothing value。
ArgumentOutOfRangeException Thrown if you call a method where one of the arguments is
not in the expected range。 While this exception sounds similar
to ArgumentException； it is more specialized and targets
whether an argument is in an acceptable range。 Check the
documentation of the method or the method implementation
on what the acceptable range is。 If you throw this exception；
note the valid range in the error message。
ArithmeticException Thrown if a mathematical error is generated。
DivideByZeroException Thrown if you attempt to divide by zero。
FormatException Thrown if the format of the parameter is not correct。 For
example； if a method expects a number to be formatted with
a period and you use a ma； an exception is generated。
IndexOutOfRangeException Thrown if you attempt to reference an index of an array that
would be beyond the limits of the array。 This exception is
thrown if you have not allocated an array and then attempt to
reference an element； or if you attempt to reference a nega
tive index of the array。
InsufficientMemoryException Thrown if not enough memory is available。 Although this
exception is not generated often； it can be generated if you
attempt to allocate an array when you specify something
along the lines of 5 trillion elements （due to an improperly
assigned array size variable）。
InvalidCastException Thrown if you attempt to cast one type to another type that is
not supported。 This exception is very mon when you use
inheritance and attempt a cast。
NotImplementedException Thrown when using methods or properties without an imple
mentation。 Often； you don’t have time to implement all of the
code at once。 For those properties or methods that have not
been implemented； don’t leave an empty property or method
implementation。 Instead； throw an exception。 Then you will
know if you have forgotten to implement something。
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Table 5…1。 mon Exception Types
Exception Descri
