°Ë±¦Êé¿â > ÎÄѧÆäËûµç×ÓÊé > VB2008´ÓÈëÃŵ½¾«Í¨(PDF¸ñʽӢÎÄ°æ) >

µÚ25²¿·Ö

VB2008´ÓÈëÃŵ½¾«Í¨(PDF¸ñʽӢÎÄ°æ)-µÚ25²¿·Ö

С˵£º VB2008´ÓÈëÃŵ½¾«Í¨(PDF¸ñʽӢÎÄ°æ) ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡





¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­Page¡¡100¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­

78¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CH¡¡AP¡¡T¡¡E¡¡R¡¡¡¡¡¡4¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ö¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡L¡¡E¡¡A¡¡R¡¡N¡¡IN¡¡G¡¡¡¡¡¡AB¡¡OU¡¡T¡¡¡¡¡¡D¡¡AT¡¡A¡¡¡¡S¡¡TR¡¡U¡¡CT¡¡U¡¡R¡¡E¡¡S£»¡¡¡¡¡¡DE¡¡CI¡¡SI¡¡ON¡¡S£»¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡N¡¡D¡¡¡¡¡¡L¡¡O¡¡OP¡¡S¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡öNote¡¡¡¡An¡¡algorithm¡¡is¡¡a¡¡logical¡¡set¡¡of¡¡finite£»¡¡repeatable¡¡steps¡¡for¡¡pleting¡¡a¡¡task¡£¡¡The¡¡term¡¡is¡¡usually¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡applied¡¡in¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡formal¡¡problems¡¡such¡¡as¡¡searching£»¡¡but¡¡most£»¡¡if¡¡not¡¡all¡¡puter¡¡programs£»¡¡use¡¡algo

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡rithms¡¡of¡¡one¡¡sort¡¡or¡¡another¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Before¡¡we¡¡write¡¡any¡¡code£»¡¡you¡¡need¡¡to¡¡understand¡¡what¡¡the¡¡depth¡­first¡¡search¡¡algorithm¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡does¡¡and¡¡why¡¡you¡¡would¡¡use¡¡it¡£¡¡The¡¡problem¡¡to¡¡solve¡¡is¡¡how¡¡to¡¡get¡¡from¡¡point¡¡A¡¡to¡¡point¡¡B¡¡in¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡most¡¡efficient¡¡manner¡£¡¡This¡¡problem¡¡can¡¡be¡¡stated¡¡generally¡¡as£»¡¡¡°how¡¡to¡¡solve¡¡task¡¡A¡¡when¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡you¡¡have¡¡X¡¡options¡£¡±¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Imagine¡¡you¡¡are¡¡about¡¡to¡¡drive¡¡to¡¡work¡¡and¡¡you¡¡are¡¡at¡¡the¡¡front¡¡door¡¡of¡¡your¡¡house¡£¡¡You¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡don¡¯t¡¡know¡¡where¡¡your¡¡keys¡¡are£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡you¡¡begin¡¡a¡¡search¡¡for¡¡the¡¡keys¡¡in¡¡the¡¡house¡£¡¡Of¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡course£»¡¡you¡¡try¡¡to¡¡remember£»¡¡but¡¡your¡¡memory¡¡is¡¡not¡¡working¡¡that¡¡early¡¡in¡¡the¡¡morning¡£¡¡You¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡try¡¡to¡¡retrace¡¡your¡¡steps£»¡¡and¡¡think¡¡of¡¡logical¡¡places¡¡where¡¡you¡¡could¡¡have¡¡placed¡¡your¡¡keys¡£¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡When¡¡you¡¡retrace¡¡your¡¡steps£»¡¡you¡¡follow¡¡your¡¡memory¡¯s¡¡logic¡£¡¡Simply¡¡put£»¡¡your¡¡search¡¡algo

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡rithm¡¡is¡¡based¡¡on¡¡your¡¡memory¡¯s¡¡suggestion¡¡of¡¡where¡¡the¡¡keys¡¡might¡¡be¡£¡¡The¡¡data¡¡structure¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡you¡¡are¡¡navigating¡¡is¡¡the¡¡rooms¡¡of¡¡your¡¡house¡£¡¡Your¡¡brain¡­based¡¡search¡¡algorithm¡¡could¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡create¡¡a¡¡search¡¡pattern¡¡like¡¡that¡¡shown¡¡in¡¡Figure¡¡4¡­1¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Figure¡¡4¡­1¡£¡¡A¡¡possible¡¡search¡¡order¡¡for¡¡your¡¡keys¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡Figure¡¡4¡­1£»¡¡you¡¡found¡¡the¡¡keys¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hall£»¡¡but¡¡yet¡¡your¡¡search¡¡algorithm¡¡led¡¡you¡¡astray¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡a¡¡while£»¡¡since¡¡you¡¡searched¡¡the¡¡hall¡¡last¡£¡¡The¡¡cynic¡¡could¡¡say¡¡that¡¡you¡¡kept¡¡walking¡¡around¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡keys¡¡without¡¡realizing¡¡that¡¡they¡¡were¡¡so¡¡close¡¡to¡¡you¡£¡¡But¡¡this¡¡is¡¡the¡¡crux¡¡of¡¡the¡¡problem£»¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡you¡¡didn¡¯t¡¡know¡¡you¡¡developed¡¡a¡¡search¡¡algorithm¡¡that¡¡would¡¡lead¡¡you¡¡astray¡¡this¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡£¡¡And¡¡the¡¡same¡¡algorithm¡¡might¡¡not¡¡lead¡¡you¡¡astray¡¡next¡¡time¡£¡¡¡¡


¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­Page¡¡101¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CH¡¡AP¡¡T¡¡E¡¡R¡¡¡¡¡¡4¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ö¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡L¡¡E¡¡A¡¡R¡¡N¡¡I¡¡N¡¡G¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡B¡¡OU¡¡T¡¡¡¡¡¡D¡¡AT¡¡A¡¡¡¡S¡¡TR¡¡U¡¡CT¡¡U¡¡R¡¡E¡¡S£»¡¡¡¡¡¡DE¡¡CI¡¡SI¡¡ON¡¡S£»¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡N¡¡D¡¡¡¡¡¡L¡¡O¡¡OP¡¡S¡¡79¡¡



¡öNote¡¡¡¡Searching¡¡using¡¡different¡¡strategies¡¡is¡¡very¡¡similar¡¡to¡¡how¡¡you¡¡will¡¡write¡¡puter¡¡algorithms¡£¡¡There¡¡¡¡

is¡¡no¡¡single¡¡best¡¡algorithm£»¡¡there¡¡are¡¡only¡¡good¡¡algorithms¡¡that¡¡have¡¡certain¡¡promises¡£¡¡When¡¡you¡¡imple

ment¡¡an¡¡algorithm£»¡¡you¡¡need¡¡to¡¡consider¡¡the¡¡one¡¡that¡¡best¡¡suits¡¡your¡¡needs¡¡with¡¡the¡¡least¡¡number¡¡of¡¡¡¡

promises¡¡that¡¡could¡¡cause¡¡problems¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡As¡¡Figure¡¡4¡­1¡¡illustrates£»¡¡you¡¡searched¡¡in¡¡a¡¡counterclockwise¡¡manner¡£¡¡Another¡¡strategy¡¡¡¡

would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡to¡¡go¡¡clockwise¡¡or¡¡even¡¡in¡¡a¡¡zigzag£»¡¡or¡¡you¡¡could¡¡have¡¡searched¡¡some¡¡rooms¡¡¡¡

multiple¡¡times¡£¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Let¡¯s¡¡convert¡¡Figure¡¡4¡­1¡¡into¡¡a¡¡program¡¡that¡¡has¡¡a¡¡search¡¡algorithm¡¡and¡¡a¡¡data¡¡structure¡£¡¡¡¡

The¡¡search¡¡algorithm¡¡will¡¡be¡¡depth¡­first£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡data¡¡structure¡¡will¡¡be¡¡based¡¡on¡¡a¡¡path¡¡between¡¡¡¡

the¡¡respective¡¡rooms¡£¡¡The¡¡data¡¡structure¡¡representing¡¡the¡¡house¡¡in¡¡Figure¡¡4¡­1¡¡is¡¡illustrated¡¡in¡¡¡¡

Figure¡¡4¡­2¡£¡¡



Figure¡¡4¡­2¡£¡¡A¡¡tree¡¡structure¡¡illustrates¡¡each¡¡possible¡¡action¡£¡¡Highlighted¡¡lines¡¡represent¡¡a¡¡depth

first¡¡search£»¡¡and¡¡each¡¡circle¡¡represents¡¡a¡¡destination¡£¡¡


¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­Page¡¡102¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­

80¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CH¡¡AP¡¡T¡¡E¡¡R¡¡¡¡¡¡4¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ö¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡L¡¡E¡¡A¡¡R¡¡N¡¡IN¡¡G¡¡¡¡¡¡AB¡¡OU¡¡T¡¡¡¡¡¡D¡¡AT¡¡A¡¡¡¡S¡¡TR¡¡U¡¡CT¡¡U¡¡R¡¡E¡¡S£»¡¡¡¡¡¡DE¡¡CI¡¡SI¡¡ON¡¡S£»¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡N¡¡D¡¡¡¡¡¡L¡¡O¡¡OP¡¡S¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡tree¡¡structure¡¡shown¡¡in¡¡Figure¡¡4¡­2£»¡¡each¡¡node¡¡represents¡¡a¡¡destination¡¡that¡¡can¡¡be¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡reached¡¡from¡¡a¡¡particular¡¡place¡¡in¡¡the¡¡house¡£¡¡From¡¡each¡¡room£»¡¡you¡¡can¡¡reach¡¡the¡¡other¡¡room¡£¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡this¡¡structure¡¡is¡¡recursive¡£¡¡From¡¡the¡¡child¡¡bedroom£»¡¡you¡¡can¡¡reach¡¡the¡¡living¡¡room£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡then¡¡you¡¡can¡¡reach¡¡the¡¡child¡¡bedroom¡¡again¡£¡¡Even¡¡though¡¡you¡¡navigated¡¡down¡¡the¡¡tree£»¡¡you¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡moved¡¡from¡¡one¡¡room¡¡to¡¡another¡¡and¡¡back¡¡to¡¡the¡¡original¡¡room¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡perfectly¡¡acceptable¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡a¡¡data¡¡structure¡¡perspective£»¡¡even¡¡though¡¡you¡¡are¡¡probably¡¡saying£»¡¡¡°But¡¡that¡¡is¡¡wrong¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡since¡¡rooms¡¡will¡¡show¡¡up¡¡multiple¡¡times¡£¡±¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡öNote¡¡¡¡The¡¡tree¡¡representation¡¡in¡¡Figure¡¡4¡­2¡¡is¡¡by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡plete£»¡¡because¡¡from¡¡each¡¡room¡¡you¡¡can¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡go¡¡to¡¡the¡¡other¡¡room¡£¡¡A¡¡full¡¡tree¡¡representation¡¡would¡¡be¡¡a¡¡binatorial¡¡explosion¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡structure¡¡is¡¡the¡¡way¡¡it¡¡is¡¡because¡¡the¡¡data¡¡structure¡¡is¡¡a¡¡representation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡house¡£¡¡If¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡you¡¡were¡¡searching¡¡the¡¡house£»¡¡would¡¡you¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡move¡¡from¡¡one¡¡room¡¡to¡¡another¡¡and¡¡back¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡again£¿¡¡Sure¡¡you¡¡would¡£¡¡Would¡¡you¡¡do¡¡it£¿¡¡No£»¡¡because¡¡your¡¡search¡¡algorithm¡¡would¡¡say£»¡¡¡°Hey¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡dude£»¡¡you¡¯re¡¡repeating¡¡yourself¡£¡±¡¡And¡¡therein¡¡lies¡¡the¡¡trick¡¡when¡¡writing¡¡applications¡£¡¡You¡¡have¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡data¡¡structure¡¡and¡¡an¡¡algorithm¡¡that¡¡operates¡¡on¡¡the¡¡data¡¡structure¡£¡¡I¡¡call¡¡this¡¡building¡¡an¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡application¡¡in¡¡layers¡£¡¡You¡¡have¡¡the¡¡lowest¡¡level£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡an¡¡intelligent¡¡data¡¡structure£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡higher¡¡level¡¡that¡¡uses¡¡the¡¡functionality¡¡of¡¡the¡¡intelligent¡¡data¡¡structure¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡By¡¡¡¡intelligent¡¡data¡¡structure£»¡¡I¡¡mean¡¡that¡¡the¡¡structure¡¡is¡¡always¡¡consistent¡¡and¡¡does¡¡not¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡corrupt¡¡itself¡£¡¡In¡¡this¡¡example£»¡¡a¡¡room¡¡will¡¡not¡¡point¡¡to¡¡itself£»¡¡a¡¡room¡¡will¡¡be¡¡present¡¡in¡¡the¡¡struc

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ture¡¡only¡¡if¡¡it¡¡is¡¡present¡¡in¡¡the¡¡house£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡on¡£¡¡The¡¡higher¡­level¡¡algorithm¡¡would¡¡be¡¡responsible¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡figuring¡¡out¡¡how¡¡to¡¡find¡¡information¡¡in¡¡the¡¡tree¡£¡¡It¡¡should¡¡be¡¡smart¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡realize¡¡that¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡constantly¡¡traveling¡¡between¡¡two¡¡rooms¡¡is¡¡not¡¡going¡¡to¡¡achieve¡¡anything¡¡other¡¡than¡¡wasted¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡search¡¡logic¡¡is¡¡where¡¡you¡¡go¡¡down¡¡the¡¡tree¡¡traversing¡¡one¡¡room¡¡after¡¡another¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡called¡¡a¡¡depth¡­first¡¡search¡¡algorithm¡¡because¡¡you¡¡iterate¡¡the¡¡tree¡¡by¡¡going¡¡down¡¡the¡¡tree¡¡one¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡level¡¡after¡¡another¡£¡¡You¡¡stop¡¡traversing¡¡down¡¡the¡¡tree¡¡once¡¡you¡¡reach¡¡a¡¡room¡¡that¡¡you¡¡have¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡already¡¡traversed¡£¡¡Then¡¡you¡¡go¡¡back¡¡one¡¡level¡¡and¡¡traverse¡¡the¡¡room¡¡beside¡¡the¡¡room¡¡that¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡you¡¡have¡¡already¡¡traversed¡£¡¡This¡¡could¡¡mean¡¡the¡¡search¡¡path¡¡found¡¡by¡¡the¡¡puter¡¡would¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡similar¡¡to¡¡Figure¡¡4¡­1¡£¡¡That¡¯s¡¡because¡¡the¡¡puter¡¡is¡¡as¡¡dumb¡¡as¡¡you¡¡are£»¡¡albeit¡¡the¡¡puter¡¡is¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡saying¡¡to¡¡itself£»¡¡¡°If¡¡only¡¡I¡¡had¡¡started¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hall¡£¡±¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Realize¡¡that¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡magic¡¡wand¡¡to¡¡find¡¡the¡¡keys¡¡for¡¡you¡£¡¡The¡¡technique¡¡that¡¡you¡¡and¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡puter¡¡used¡¡is¡¡called¡¡brute¡¡force£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡putationally¡¡expensive¡¡and¡¡typically¡¡avoided¡£¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡this¡¡case¡¡though£»¡¡brute¡¡force¡¡is¡¡the¡¡only¡¡real¡¡solution£»¡¡because¡¡you¡¡don¡¯t¡¡know¡¡where¡¡the¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡keys¡¡are¡ªthey¡¡could¡¡be¡¡anywhere¡¡in¡¡the¡¡house¡£¡¡It¡¡just¡¡happened¡¡to¡¡be¡¡your¡¡bad¡¡luck¡¡that¡¡the¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡keys¡¡were¡¡found¡¡in¡¡the¡¡last¡¡place¡¡you¡¡looked¡£¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Let¡¯s¡¡try¡¡to¡¡improve¡¡the¡¡situation¡£¡¡Imagine¡¡for¡¡a¡¡moment¡¡that¡¡your¡¡keys¡¡are¡¡tagged¡¡with¡¡a¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡clapper¡£¡¡The¡¡idea¡¡is¡¡that¡¡with¡¡your¡¡keys¡¡going¡¡¡°beep£»¡¡beep£»¡¡beep£»¡±¡¡you¡¡will¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡instantly¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡find¡¡them¡¡and¡¡avoid¡¡the¡¡brute¡­force¡¡searching¡£¡¡But¡¡suppose¡¡that¡¡the¡¡keys¡¡are¡¡in¡¡the¡¡upper¡­right¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡corner¡¡of¡¡the¡¡child¡¡bedroom¡£¡¡Listening¡¡for¡¡the¡¡beeping£»¡¡you¡¡think¡¡that¡¡you¡¡hear¡¡the¡¡keys¡¡either¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡the¡¡kitchen¡¡or¡¡the¡¡child¡¡bedroom¡£¡¡So£»¡¡where¡¡do¡¡you¡¡go¡¡first£¿¡¡¡¡


¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­Page¡¡103¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CH¡¡AP¡¡T¡¡E¡¡R¡¡¡¡¡¡4¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ö¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡L¡¡E¡¡A¡¡R¡¡N¡¡I¡¡N¡¡G¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡B¡¡OU¡¡T¡¡¡¡¡¡D¡¡AT¡¡A¡¡¡¡S¡¡TR¡¡U¡¡CT¡¡U¡¡R¡¡E¡¡S£»¡¡¡¡¡¡DE¡¡CI¡¡SI¡¡ON¡¡S£»¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡N¡¡D¡¡¡¡¡¡L¡¡O¡¡OP¡¡S¡¡81¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Which¡¡path¡¡es¡¡first¡¡or¡¡is¡¡the¡¡most¡¡efficient¡¡is¡¡a¡¡mon¡¡problem£»¡¡and¡¡you¡¡may¡¡witness¡¡¡¡

it¡¡every¡¡day¡¡if¡¡you¡¡have¡¡a¡¡global¡¡positioning¡¡system¡¡£¨GPS£©¡¡for¡¡you¡¡car¡£¡¡A¡¡search¡¡algorithm¡¡is¡¡¡¡

monly¡¡used¡¡in¡¡GPS¡¡devices¡£¡¡You¡¡punch¡¡in¡¡a¡¡set¡¡of¡¡coordinates£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡GPS¡¡device¡¡will¡¡¡¡

attempt¡¡to¡¡find¡¡the¡¡quickest¡¡or¡¡shortest¡¡way¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡abstract¡¡sense£»¡¡the¡¡search¡¡algorithm¡¡the¡¡GPS¡¡¡¡

makers¡¡apply¡¡is¡¡identical¡¡to¡¡the¡¡search¡¡algorithm¡¡that¡¡we¡¡are¡¡going¡¡to¡¡develop¡¡in¡¡this¡¡chapter¡£¡¡



Implementing¡¡User¡­Defined¡¡Types¡¡



The¡¡data¡¡structure¡¡on¡¡which¡¡the¡¡algorithm¡¡will¡¡operate¡¡is¡¡a¡¡user¡­defined¡¡type¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡examples¡¡¡¡

up¡¡to¡¡this¡¡point£»¡¡we¡¡have¡¡been¡¡using¡¡types¡¡like¡¡Double¡¡and¡¡String£»¡¡which¡¡are¡¡CLR¡­provided¡¡¡¡

types¡£¡¡For¡¡the¡¡example¡¡in¡¡this¡¡chapter£»¡¡we¡¡will¡¡define¡¡our¡¡own¡¡type£»¡¡which¡¡we¡¡will¡¡use¡¡to¡¡repre

sent¡¡a¡¡node¡¡in¡¡the¡¡tree¡£¡¡



Declaring¡¡Structures¡¡and¡¡Classes¡¡



A¡¡user¡­defined¡¡type¡¡can¡¡be¡¡implemented¡¡in¡¡one¡¡of¡¡two¡¡ways£º¡¡as¡¡a¡¡structure¡¡or¡¡as¡¡a¡¡class¡£¡¡An¡¡¡¡

example¡¡of¡¡each¡¡is¡¡shown¡¡in¡¡Figure¡¡4¡­3¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡type¡¡declaration¡¡requireA¡¡type¡¡declaration¡¡requiress¡¡a¡¡¡¡a¡¡CCLRLR¡¡In¡¡Visual¡¡Basic£»¡¡an¡¡appropriate¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡conconsstruct¡¡£¨e¡£g¡££»¡¡truct¡¡£¨e¡£g¡£¡¡SStructure¡¡or¡¡tructure¡¡or¡¡CClalassss£©¡¡and£©¡¡and¡¡keyword¡¡£¨e¡£g¡££»¡¡Class£©¡¡opens¡¡a¡¡block¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡identifier¡¡£¨e¡£g¡££»¡¡Node£©an¡¡identifier¡¡£¨e¡£g¡£¡¡Node£©¡¡To¡¡close¡¡the¡¡block£»¡¡the¡¡keyword¡¡is¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡bined¡¡with¡¡the¡¡End¡¡identifier¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Everything¡¡in¡¡between¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡

¡¡Structure¡¡Node¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Class¡¡Node¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡keyword¡£¡¡So£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡keyword¡¡is¡¡

¡¡End¡¡Structure¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡End¡¡Class¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Class£»¡¡everything¡¡within¡¡the¡¡block¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡the¡¡creation¡¡of¡¡a¡¡class¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡Structure¡¡is¡¡used¡¡to¡¡define¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡custom¡¡value¡¡type¡¡£¨e¡£g¡££»¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Double£©£»¡¡which¡¡has¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Class¡¡is¡¡used¡¡to¡¡define¡¡a¡¡custom¡¡reference¡¡type¡¡

¡¡¡¡restrictions¡¡and¡¡is¡¡used¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨e¡£g¡££»¡¡String£©£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡the¡¡most¡¡mon¡¡type¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡certain¡¡situations¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡used¡¡for¡¡development¡¡



Figure¡¡4¡­3¡£¡¡Choices¡¡for¡¡implementing¡¡the¡¡Node¡¡custom¡¡type¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡As¡¡shown¡¡in¡¡Figure¡¡4¡­3£»¡¡you¡¡can¡¡choose¡¡to¡¡create¡¡a¡¡u

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨1£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ