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    print(c);  

    c。remove(〃3〃); // Removes the first one  

    print(c);  

    c。remove(〃3〃); // Removes the second one  

    print(c);  

    // Remove all ponents that are in the  

    // argument collection:  

    c。removeAll(newCollection());  

    print(c);  

    c。addAll(newCollection());  

    print(c);  

    // Is an element in this Collection?  

    System。out。println(  

      〃c。contains(”4”) = 〃 + c。contains(〃4〃));  

    // Is a Collection in this Collection?  

    System。out。println(  

      〃c。containsAll(newCollection()) = 〃 +   

      c。containsAll(newCollection()));  

    Collection c2 = newCollection(5; 3);  

    // Keep all the elements that are in both  

    // c and c2 (an intersection of sets):  

    c。retainAll(c2);  

    print(c);  

    // Throw away all the elements in c that  

    // also appear in c2:  

    c。removeAll(c2);  

    System。out。println(〃c。isEmpty() = 〃 +  

      c。isEmpty());  

    c = newCollection();  

    print(c);  

    c。clear(); // Remove all elements  

    System。out。println(〃after c。clear():〃);  

    print(c);  

  }  

} ///:~  

  

通过第一个方法,我们可用测试数据填充任何集合。在当前这种情况下,只是将 int 转换成 String。第二个 

方法将在本章其余的部分经常采用。  

newCollection()的两个版本都创建了ArrayList,用于包含不同的数据集,并将它们作为集合对象返回。所 

以很明显,除了Collection 接口之外,不会再用到其他什么。  

print()方法也会在本节经常用到。由于它用一个反复器(Iterator )在一个集合内遍历,而任何集合都可以 

产生这样的一个反复器,所以它适用于List 和Set,也适用于由一个Map 生成的Collection。  

main()用简单的手段显示出了集合内的所有方法。  

在后续的小节里,我们将比较 List ,Set 和 Map 的不同实现方案,同时指出在各种情况下哪一种方案应成为 

首选(带有星号的那个)。大家会发现这里并未包括一些传统的类,如Vector,Stack 以及Hashtable 等。 

因为不管在什么情况下,新集合内都有自己首选的类。  



8。7。2  使用 Lists  



  



L i s t      Order is the most important feature of a L i s t ; it promises to maintain elements  



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…………………………………………………………Page 240……………………………………………………………

(interface)  in a particular sequence。 L i s t adds a number of methods to Collection that allow  

              insertion and removal of elements in the middle of a L i s t 。   (This is remended  

              only for a L i n k e d L i s t 。 ) A List will produce a ListIterator ; and using this you  

              can traverse the L i s t  in both directions; as well as insert and remove elements  

              in the middle of the list (again; remended only for a L i n k e d L i s t )。  



ArrayList* A L i s t  backed by an array。 Use instead of V e c t o r  as a general…purpose object  

              holder。 Allows rapid random access to elements; but is slow when inserting and  

              removing elements from the middle of a list。 ListIterator  should be used only for  

              back…and…forth traversal of an A r r a y L i s t ; but not for inserting and removing  

              elements; which is expensive pared to L i n k e d L i s t 。  



LinkedList Provides optimal sequential access; with inexpensive insertions and deletions from  

              the middle of the list。 Relatively slow for random access。 (Use A r r a y L i s t   

              instead。) Also has a d d F i r s t (  ) ; a d d L a s t (  ) ; g e t F i r s t (   ) ; g e tLast(  );  

              r e m o v e F i r s t (   ) ; and r e m o v e L a s t (   )  (which are not defined in any interfaces or  

              base classes) to allow it to be used as a stack; a queue; and a dequeue。  



  

  

List (接口) 顺序是 List 最重要的特性;它可保证元素按照规定的顺序排列。List 为 Collection 添加了 

大量方法,以便我们在 List 中部插入和删除元素(只推荐对LinkedList 这样做)。List 也会生成一个 

ListIterator (列表反复器),利用它可在一个列表里朝两个方向遍历,同时插入和删除位于列表中部的元 

素(同样地,只建议对 LinkedList 这样做)  

ArrayList * 由一个数组后推得到的List 。作为一个常规用途的对象容器使用,用于替换原先的Vector。允 

许我们快速访问元素,但在从列表中部插入和删除元素时,速度却嫌稍慢。一般只应该用ListIterator 对一 

个ArrayList 进行向前和向后遍历,不要用它删除和插入元素;与 LinkedList 相比,它的效率要低许多  

LinkedList 提供优化的顺序访问性能,同时可以高效率地在列表中部进行插入和删除操作。但在进行随机访 

问时,速度却相当慢,此时应换用ArrayList。也提供了addFirst(),addLast(),getFirst(), 

getLast(),removeFirst() 以及removeLast() (未在任何接口或基础类中定义),以便将其作为一个规格、 

队列以及一个双向队列使用  

  

下面这个例子中的方法每个都覆盖了一组不同的行为:每个列表都能做的事情(basicTest()),通过一个反 

复器遍历(iterMotion())、用一个反复器改变某些东西(iterManipulation())、体验列表处理的效果 

 (testVisual())以及只有LinkedList 才能做的事情等:  

  

//: List1。java  

// Things you can do with Lists  

package c08。newcollections;  

import java。util。*;  

  

public class List1 {  

  // Wrap Collection1。fill() for convenience:  

  public static List fill(List a) {  

    return (List)Collection1。fill(a);  

  }  

  // You can use an Iterator; just as with a  

  // Collection; but you can also use random  

  // access with get():  

  public static void print(List a) {  

    for(int i = 0; i 《 a。size(); i++)  

      System。out。print(a。get(i) + 〃 〃);  

    System。out。println();  

  }  



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…………………………………………………………Page 241……………………………………………………………

  static boolean b;  

  static Object o;  

  static int i;  

  static Iterator it;  

  static ListIterator lit;  

  public static void basicTest(List a) {  

    a。add(1; 〃x〃); // Add at location 1  

    a。add(〃x〃); // Add at end  

    // Add a collection:  

    a。addAll(fill(new ArrayList()));  

    // Add a collection starting at location 3:  

    a。addAll(3; fill(new ArrayList()));   

    b = a。contains(〃1〃); // Is it in there?  

    // Is the entire collection in there?  

    b = a。containsAll(fill(new ArrayList()));  

    // Lists allow random access; which is cheap  

    // for ArrayList; expensive for LinkedList:  

    o = a。get(1); // Get object at location 1  

    i = a。indexOf(〃1〃); // Tell index of object  

    // indexOf; starting search at location 2:  

    i = a。indexOf(〃1〃; 2);  

    b = a。isEmpty(); // Any elements inside?  

    it = a。iterator(); // Ordinary Iterator  

    lit = a。listIterator(); // ListIterator  

    lit = a。listIterator(3); // Start at loc 3  

    i = a。lastIndexOf(〃1〃); // Last match   

    i = a。lastIndexOf(〃1〃; 2); // 。。。after loc 2  

    a。remove(1); // Remove location 1  

    a。remove(〃3〃); // Remove this object  

    a。set(1; 〃y〃); // Set location 1 to 〃y〃  

    // Keep everything that's in the argument  

    // (the intersection of the two sets):  

    a。retainAll(fill(new ArrayList()));  

    // Remove elements in this range:  

    a。removeRange(0; 2);  

    // Remove everything that's in the argument:  

    a。removeAll(fill(new ArrayList()));  

    i = a。size(); // How big is it?  

    a。clear(); // Remove all elements  

  }  

  public static void iterMotion(List a) {  

    ListIterator it = a。listIterator();  

    b = it。hasNext();  

    b = it。hasPrevious();  

    o = it。next();  

    i = it。nextIndex();  

    o = it。previous();  

    i = it。previousIndex();  

  }  

  public static void iterManipulation(List a) {  

    ListIterator it = a。listIterator();  

    it。add(〃47〃);  



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    // Must move to an element after add():  

    it。next();  

    // Remove the element that was just produced:  

    it。remove();   

    // Must move to an element after remove():  

    it。next();  

    // Change the element that was just produced:  

    it。set(〃47〃);  

  }  

  public static void testVisual(List a) {  

    print(a);  

    List b = new ArrayList();  

    fill(b);  

    System。out。print(〃b = 〃);  

    print(b);  

    a。addAll(b);  

    a。addAll(fill(new ArrayList()));  

    print(a);  

    // Shrink the list by removing all the   

    // elements beyond the first 1/2 of the list  

    System。out。println(a。size());  

    System。out。println(a。size()/2);  

    a。removeRange(a。size()/2; a。size()/2 + 2);  

    print(a);  

    // Insert; remove; and replace elements  

    // using a ListIterator:  

    ListIterator x = a。listIterator(a。size()/2);  

    x。add(〃one〃);   

    print(a);  

    System。out。println(x。next());  

    x。remove();  

    System。out。println(x。next());  

    x。set(〃47〃);  

    print(a);  

    // Traverse the list backwards:  

    x = a。listIterator(a。size());  

    while(x。hasPrevious())  

      System。out。print(x。previous() + 〃 〃);  

    System。out。println();  

    System。out。println(〃testVisual finished〃);  

  }  

  // There are some things that only  

  // LinkedLists can do:  

  public static void testLinkedList() {  

    LinkedList ll = new LinkedList();  

    Collection1。fill(ll; 5);  

    print(ll);  

    // Treat it like a stack; pushing:  

    ll。addFirst(〃one〃);  

    ll。addFirst(〃two〃);  

    print(ll);  

    // Like 〃peeking〃 at the top of a stack:  



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    System。out。println(ll。getFirst());  

    // Like popping a stack:  

    System。out。println(ll。removeFirst());  

    System。out。println(ll。removeFirst());  

    // Treat it like a queue; pulling elements  

    // off the tail end:  

    System。out。println

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